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化工行(xing)業案例

成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)市新(xin)都(dou)化工(gong)股份(fen)有限(xian)公(gong)司(si)成(cheng)(cheng)立于(yu)1992年，總部位于(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)市新(xin)都(dou)工(gong)業開發區，下(xia)設十八個分子公(gong)司(si)。本項目來(lai)源于(yu)旗(qi)下(xia)子公(gong)司(si)應城市新(xin)都(dou)化工(gong)有限(xian)責任公(gong)司(si)，主要是對7臺5300KW同步電機的軟起。

1.現狀分析

同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)異步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)，分為兩個階段：異步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)和牽(qian)入(ru)(ru)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)。異步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)過程(cheng)(cheng)：同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極上(shang)都裝有(you)籠型繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)，用(yong)來產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)。同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)異步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)過程(cheng)(cheng)依(yi)靠(kao)(kao)這種異步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)將(jiang)(jiang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)(su)到準同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)異步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)中(zhong)不(bu)能通人直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，避(bi)(bi)免直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)勢在(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)中(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)附加(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，增加(jia)(jia)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)的(de)(de)損(sun)耗和發(fa)熱。在(zai)(zai)(zai)異步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)也(ye)不(bu)能使勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)開(kai)路，避(bi)(bi)免高的(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓損(sun)壞勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)的(de)(de)絕緣。在(zai)(zai)(zai)異步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)低速(su)(su)(su)區(qu)間，勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)即不(bu)允許通入(ru)(ru)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)又不(bu)允許開(kai)路，辦法是將(jiang)(jiang)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)短(duan)路。勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)短(duan)接(jie)后(hou)相(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)一個單(dan)相(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)，它在(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)作(zuo)用(yong)下產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，從而產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)勢。如(ru)果單(dan)純的(de)(de)將(jiang)(jiang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)直(zhi)接(jie)短(duan)接(jie)，起(qi)動(dong)(dong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)也(ye)會(hui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)中(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，應串接(jie)一定(ding)阻(zu)值(zhi)(通常為轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)的(de)(de)5倍~10倍)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)后(hou)可靠(kao)(kao)閉合，以(yi)(yi)防(fang)止起(qi)動(dong)(dong)失敗或損(sun)壞轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)的(de)(de)絕緣。起(qi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)只在(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)加(jia)(jia)上(shang)三相(xiang)對稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓以(yi)(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)達到電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)亞(ya)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(n=0.96no)時(shi)(shi)，異步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)過程(cheng)(cheng)完成。牽(qian)入(ru)(ru)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過程(cheng)(cheng)：當(dang)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)到亞(ya)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)時(shi)(shi)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)應將(jiang)(jiang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)打(da)開(kai)，通入(ru)(ru)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，開(kai)始牽(qian)入(ru)(ru)過程(cheng)(cheng)。此(ci)時(shi)(shi)，由(you)于(yu)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)突然(ran)加(jia)(jia)入(ru)(ru)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)運行狀態(tai)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)突變，通常稱(cheng)為機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)上(shang)的(de)(de)“飛車(che)”。狀態(tai)上(shang)的(de)(de)突變需要吸收大量(liang)能量(liang)來補充，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)會(hui)有(you)一個瞬(shun)間的(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。供給(gei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)方法有(you)兩種，一種是在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)降壓加(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)(su)到準同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)后(hou)，供給(gei)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)后(hou)，接(jie)入(ru)(ru)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)牽(qian)入(ru)(ru)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，牽(qian)入(ru)(ru)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)較(jiao)大。

2.方(fang)案的(de)選定及原理，使轉(zhuan)子(zi)牽入(ru)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)，然后投入(ru)全電壓(ya)，該方法牽入(ru)轉(zhuan)矩較小;另一種是在降壓(ya)加(jia)(jia)速到一定(ding)轉(zhuan)速時，投入(ru)全電壓(ya)加(jia)(jia)速到準(zhun)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)速

本項(xiang)目(mu)采用的是我(wo)公司GGQ系列固(gu)態軟(ruan)起(qi)動(dong)器，它與原有(you)傳統的軟(ruan)起(qi)動(dong)產品相比具有(you)操作靈活、可控性好、運(yun)行可靠及電(dian)(dian)氣保(bao)(bao)護(hu)功能強大等有(you)點。其一次主回路由晶(jing)閘管(guan)(guan)正反并聯后再(zai)串(chuan)聯組成(cheng)(cheng)，晶(jing)閘管(guan)(guan)組件(jian)單元保(bao)(bao)護(hu)回路由RC動(dong)態均壓、靜態均壓電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、過電(dian)(dian)壓保(bao)(bao)護(hu)器等組成(cheng)(cheng)，二次控制(zhi)回路由DSP中(zhong)控系統和(he)其它電(dian)(dian)氣部分組成(cheng)(cheng)，工作電(dian)(dian)壓為220V電(dian)(dian)源。

原(yuan)理(li)圖如下：

高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)固態(tai)(tai)軟起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)整個(ge)工作(zuo)(zuo)過程是(shi)，當軟起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)把同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)從靜止(zhi)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)逐步(bu)(bu)(bu)提(ti)速到(dao)亞同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)狀態(tai)(tai)，此時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流下降到(dao)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流以下，軟起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)完成(cheng)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)后(hou)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合上旁路接觸器進(jin)入(ru)運行工作(zuo)(zuo)狀態(tai)(tai)，將晶(jing)閘管控制回路短接，同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)勵(li)磁(ci)柜投(tou)勵(li)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)進(jin)入(ru)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)運行狀態(tai)(tai)，整個(ge)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過程順利結束。此過程是(shi)采用的(de)(de)投(tou)全壓(ya)(ya)后(hou)接入(ru)直流勵(li)磁(ci)牽入(ru)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)，如果在(zai)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)投(tou)勵(li)時軟起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)還在(zai)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，旁路接觸器沒有(you)短接，其后(hou)果非(fei)常嚴重(zhong)。軟起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)是(shi)串在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)之間的(de)(de)，而(er)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)投(tou)勵(li)的(de)(de)瞬時相當于一個(ge)相同(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，會(hui)在(zai)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)接線端產(chan)生一個(ge)很高(gao)的(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)相位一旦與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相位疊加后(hou)再加上系統(tong)產(chan)生的(de)(de)諧波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，軟起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)此時所(suo)承受的(de)(de)瞬時沖擊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是(shi)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)幾倍以上，過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)它會(hui)導致(zhi)晶(jing)閘管擊穿引發事(shi)故。

3.功能及使用(yong)情況(kuang)

本項目中要求(qiu)電機采用(yong)高壓晶閘管(guan)控制下(xia)的(de)恒流(liu)起(qi)動(dong)方式平滑起(qi)動(dong)，起(qi)動(dong)電流(liu)倍(bei)數可(ke)在(zai)(zai)現(xian)場(chang)根據實際(ji)使(shi)用(yong)情況在(zai)(zai)1.5倍(bei)至(zhi)4倍(bei)間調整。電機起(qi)動(dong)時(shi)間可(ke)在(zai)(zai)現(xian)場(chang)根據實際(ji)使(shi)用(yong)情況在(zai)(zai)10～100秒內(nei)調整設(she)定;起(qi)動(dong)時(shi)間的(de)調整能在(zai)(zai)軟起(qi)動(dong)控制柜面板上能方便的(de)顯示和設(she)置。

根據使用(yong)的(de)要求，軟起動裝置設置以(yi)下的(de)保護(hu)功能：

A：相序保(bao)護

B：缺(que)相保護

C：電(dian)流不(bu)平(ping)衡保護

D：電機(ji)運行(xing)過載(zai)保護

E：電機過欠壓保(bao)護

F：電機起(qi)動(dong)時間超(chao)時保護

G：電機起動過(guo)流保護(hu)

H：晶閘管過溫保護

I：晶閘管故障報警(jing)保護

J：欠載保護(hu)

K：接(jie)觸器故障(zhang)保護

4.結(jie)束語

設(she)備投入使用后，運行良好，完全達到了預(yu)期效(xiao)果，提(ti)高了設(she)備效(xiao)率，并且因此(ci)大大減少(shao)了設(she)備維護、維修費(fei)用，直(zhi)接和間接經(jing)濟效(xiao)益(yi)明顯。