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一(yi)， 石化煉油項目中鼓風機的(de)作用

在石(shi)化(hua)煉(lian)油(you)(you)工藝過程中(zhong)，相關設備在運行(xing)時需要(yao)有一(yi)定(ding)壓(ya)(ya)力和溫度(du)的空氣(qi)來作必要(yao)的工藝處理(li)，要(yao)達到此條件(jian)就必須(xu)使用(yong)風機(ji)進行(xing)壓(ya)(ya)縮，所以鼓(gu)風機(ji)系統是(shi)(shi)石(shi)化(hua)煉(lian)油(you)(you)生產環節中(zhong)的重要(yao)設備組成部分，而拖動鼓(gu)風機(ji)的電動機(ji)功率一(yi)般都(dou)比較(jiao)大，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)石(shi)化(hua)行(xing)業(ye)中(zhong)主要(yao)的用(yong)電負荷之一(yi)。

石化煉(lian)油廠外觀(guan)圖(tu)

鼓風機電氣(qi)控制系統及相關設備介紹

高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)開關柜(ju)(ju)和高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)變頻軟起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器組成高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機控(kong)(kong)制系統，負責(ze)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、運行(xing)和保護控(kong)(kong)制。然后電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機拖動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)鼓(gu)風機進行(xing)空氣(qi)壓(ya)縮，為煉(lian)油工藝(yi)中提供必要壓(ya)縮氣(qi)體(ti)。其具體(ti)工作流(liu)程是：10KV高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)源通過高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)纜從變電(dian)站引到高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)開關柜(ju)(ju)，經切(qie)換柜(ju)(ju)與高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)變頻軟起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器后到高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機，用來(lai)控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機及鼓(gu)風機的(de)正常起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和安全運行(xing)。鼓(gu)風機的(de)作用是將(jiang)濾清的(de)空氣(qi)進行(xing)壓(ya)縮并送(song)入儲(chu)氣(qi)罐(guan)，然后按工藝(yi)要求送(song)煉(lian)油設(she)備現場(chang)。

二， 項目中(zhong)鼓風機(ji)及高壓(ya)配電系統的主(zhu)要參數

此(ci)項目在河北省某石化煉油(you)工(gong)程現場，鼓(gu)風(feng)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)陜鼓(gu)軸(zhou)流(liu)(liu)鼓(gu)風(feng)機(ji)(ji)，其(qi)轉(zhuan)速為5700轉(zhuan)/分(fen)(fen)，配套電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)主要參數為9000KW，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級10KV，額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)623A，堵轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)4.51倍(bei)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速1490轉(zhuan)/分(fen)(fen)，經變速箱升速后驅(qu)動(dong)軸(zhou)流(liu)(liu)鼓(gu)風(feng)機(ji)(ji)。該系統高(gao)壓配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)參數為110KV變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)提供一條(tiao)10KV高(gao)壓專線，其(qi)短路容量(liang)為60MVA，整(zheng)個項目用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公司(si)按16500KW給(gei)定，從變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)項目所在地還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)5公里的(de)架空(kong)線纜，在用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰時其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)壓降較大。針(zhen)對此(ci)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條(tiao)件及用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)進(jin)行(xing)仿真計算，得到(dao)其(qi)結果后分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)一般(ban)的(de)降壓軟(ruan)起(qi)動(dong)器(qi)來起(qi)動(dong)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)時(起(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)小有(you)(you)2.5Ie以(yi)(yi)上(shang))，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)壓降可(ke)(ke)能會(hui)(hui)超過25%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)同(tong)時還(huan)(huan)會(hui)(hui)因過流(liu)(liu)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)跳閘，對系統中其(qi)它設備的(de)安全運行(xing)會(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)很(hen)大影響。而(er)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)高(gao)壓變頻軟(ruan)起(qi)動(dong)器(qi)方案來起(qi)動(dong)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(起(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)在額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)以(yi)(yi)下)，它可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)滿足以(yi)(yi)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)條(tiao)件，同(tong)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)壓降也(ye)很(hen)小。

三， 鼓風機系統在起動過程(cheng)中對電(dian)網系統影響的分析

由于鼓風(feng)機(ji)系統在其整個項(xiang)目中(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)用功率較大，特別是(shi)在起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)用一般降(jiang)壓軟(ruan)(ruan)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置來起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)此(ci)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)時，其起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)流(liu)對(dui)電(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)擊是(shi)很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)，若起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)流(liu)參數設置不(bu)當(dang)還會(hui)導(dao)致開關柜過(guo)流(liu)跳閘(zha)以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)網壓降(jiang)過(guo)大影響其它設備(bei)正(zheng)常運行等問題。在本案中(zhong)(zhong)所提供的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)網短路容量小(xiao)及(ji)線路過(guo)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)，此(ci)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)是(shi)不(bu)可能直接起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)，就是(shi)采(cai)用一般降(jiang)壓軟(ruan)(ruan)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)也會(hui)電(dian)網壓降(jiang)過(guo)大或起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)流(liu)等原因(yin)而影響鼓風(feng)機(ji)系統及(ji)電(dian)網中(zhong)(zhong)其它設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常工作。具體(ti)歸類分(fen)析(xi)如下：

1，因鼓風機(ji)配套電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)功率較大(da)，占(zhan)整(zheng)(zheng)個線路容量的60%以(yi)上，若采用(yong)一般的軟起(qi)動(dong)(dong)器其起(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)達1500A以(yi)上，超(chao)過整(zheng)(zheng)個電(dian)(dian)網(wang)給(gei)定的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)極限值，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)壓(ya)(ya)降可能達25%以(yi)上，對(dui)主變壓(ya)(ya)器、高壓(ya)(ya)線路、控制(zhi)開(kai)關柜、本(ben)機(ji)系統(tong)的影響是很(hen)大(da)的。特(te)別(bie)是本(ben)線路電(dian)(dian)網(wang)中其它設備(bei)(bei)因生產工藝的需要，在電(dian)(dian)機(ji)未(wei)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)前要提(ti)前開(kai)起(qi)來(lai)，但是過大(da)的起(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)會導致電(dian)(dian)網(wang)壓(ya)(ya)降很(hen)大(da)甚至因過流(liu)而(er)跳閘(zha)，會造成這些設備(bei)(bei)因低電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)跳閘(zha)停機(ji)，給(gei)整(zheng)(zheng)個設備(bei)(bei)系統(tong)的安全使用(yong)帶來(lai)很(hen)多很(hen)大(da)隱患。

2，由于(yu)此電(dian)(dian)網的(de)特殊供電(dian)(dian)原因(短路(lu)容(rong)量小、線路(lu)長)，要(yao)解決容(rong)量小電(dian)(dian)網壓降過大的(de)問題，只(zhi)有(you)起(qi)動電(dian)(dian)流小的(de)軟(ruan)起(qi)設備，而采(cai)用高(gao)壓變頻軟(ruan)起(qi)動器(qi)是能滿(man)足以上要(yao)求的(de)，它(ta)能確保電(dian)(dian)動機在起(qi)動時其起(qi)動電(dian)(dian)流小于(yu)500A(小于(yu)額定電(dian)(dian)流)以下，電(dian)(dian)網壓降只(zhi)有(you)2%左右，對(dui)整(zheng)個項(xiang)目電(dian)(dian)器(qi)設備系統沒(mei)有(you)任何(he)影響和沖擊(ji)。

3，采(cai)用高壓變頻軟起(qi)動(dong)器后也(ye)可(ke)減少設備(bei)的投(tou)資和(he)運行費用，可(ke)在原有(you)的基礎上不用另(ling)外增加(jia)其它設備(bei)和(he)投(tou)資就可(ke)以很好(hao)解(jie)決(jue)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的起(qi)動(dong)與其它設備(bei)的用電(dian)問題，也(ye)不需(xu)要(yao)變電(dian)站放大容量增加(jia)運行成本和(he)費用。

四， 高壓(ya)變頻軟起動器在(zai)此工(gong)程方(fang)案中(zhong)的具體應用情況

1，高壓變頻軟(ruan)起動器的選型說明

根據該項目工(gong)程的(de)需要(yao)(yao)，經(jing)過雙方多次溝通與技術交流，按電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機9000KW功率，電(dian)(dian)壓等級10KV的(de)參數情況，選用大(da)禹電(dian)(dian)氣GBRQ-10000-10/10-B，電(dian)(dian)壓等級為10KV的(de)高壓變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)軟起動(dong)器是(shi)可以(yi)滿足起動(dong)要(yao)(yao)求的(de)。因鼓風(feng)機為一般負載，加(jia)之(zhi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機堵轉電(dian)(dian)流為4.5不(bu)是(shi)很大(da)，所以(yi)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)軟起的(de)主要(yao)(yao)器件采用一般標(biao)配容量和配置即可滿足現場起動(dong)要(yao)(yao)求，完全能達到較好(hao)的(de)起動(dong)效果。同(tong)時特(te)別說明(ming)高壓變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)軟起動(dong)器與高壓變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器在控(kong)制原理上是(shi)一樣的(de)，但(dan)它的(de)主要(yao)(yao)器件選型是(shi)不(bu)一樣的(de)。

2，高壓變頻軟起動器此工(gong)程方案中(zhong)的(de)起動情況

設備(bei)達到(dao)現場(chang)經過緊(jin)張的(de)安裝和調試后，高壓變(bian)頻軟起(qi)(qi)動器的(de)實(shi)際起(qi)(qi)動參數為，起(qi)(qi)動電流(liu)460A，起(qi)(qi)動時間190秒，電網壓降只有1.5%左右，電動機(ji)起(qi)(qi)動完成切換轉至運行狀態時電網電壓電流(liu)無任(ren)何波動和沖擊，完全達到(dao)技術設計要求。

五， 項目工程高壓(ya)變頻軟起動器控制方案說明

1，系統控制方案圖及(ji)工(gong)作過程

根據(ju)用戶電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)參數(shu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網配置要(yao)求，該(gai)項目方(fang)案采用10000KW,電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等級10KV的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)，一次(ci)方(fang)案如下(xia)圖。該(gai)系統的(de)工(gong)作過程為：當(dang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)柜和(he)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)準備完(wan)好通低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)檢測正常后(hou)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)送一個允許合閘信號給開(kai)(kai)關(guan)柜。在高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)柜QF1合閘后(hou)，切換開(kai)(kai)關(guan)QF3及QF4先后(hou)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合閘，起(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)，輸(shu)出一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頻(pin)(pin)率和(he)幅(fu)值可(ke)以變(bian)化的(de)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)緩慢轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)起(qi)(qi)(qi)來，通過逐步提速后(hou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)接近工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)時，延時2秒后(hou)QF3及QF4同時自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)分閘，運(yun)行開(kai)(kai)關(guan)QF2合閘電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉(zhuan)入工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)運(yun)行，高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)軟起(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)退出起(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

高壓(ya)變頻軟起動器一次方案圖

2，系統方案中主要設(she)備及配置情況介(jie)紹(shao)

①起動(dong)運行開(kai)關柜(ju)：它采用KYN28柜(ju)型，負責高壓(ya)變頻軟(ruan)起動(dong)器的起動(dong)和運行保(bao)護開(kai)關。

②切換(huan)中控(kong)柜：它(ta)由兩大部(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)，柜前裝(zhuang)有變(bian)頻(pin)軟起(qi)中控(kong)部(bu)分(fen)及顯示屏按(an)鈕等。柜后由QF3QF4串由變(bian)頻(pin)軟起(qi)組(zu)成(cheng)起(qi)動回路，QF2為(wei)旁路工(gong)頻(pin)運行開(kai)關。

③移相變(bian)壓器(qi)柜(ju)(ju)：高(gao)壓變(bian)頻軟起柜(ju)(ju)內(nei)裝有移相變(bian)壓器(qi)，柜(ju)(ju)頂裝有冷卻(que)風機。

④功率模塊單(dan)(dan)元柜(ju)：高(gao)壓變頻(pin)軟(ruan)起柜(ju)內裝(zhuang)有多組功率模塊單(dan)(dan)元，以每相(xiang)為單(dan)(dan)位(wei)運行串接，然后(hou)輸出三相(xiang)電源(yuan)到電動(dong)機(ji)，柜(ju)頂裝(zhuang)有冷(leng)卻風機(ji)。